Toronto alexithymia scale questionnaire online. , & Meerum Terwogt, M.
Toronto alexithymia scale questionnaire online.
The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Bagby et al.
Toronto alexithymia scale questionnaire online J. , 2007). We conducted a paired t -test to compare N-DAF and P-DAF scores in order to examine whether emotion valence (negative or positive) influenced the extent of people's difficulties appraising their Alexithymia is a trait involving difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally orientated thinking. versions & Translationsthe English Twenty-five years have elapsed since the Journal of Psychosomatic Research published two articles reporting the development and initial validation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) [1, 2]. The same theoretically congruent factor structure The toronto alexithymia scale is a 20 item questionnaire. , robust Anahtar sözcükler: Aleksitimi, yirmi-soruluk Toronto aleksitimi ölçe¤i, do¤rulay›c› faktör analizi, geçerlik, güvenirlik Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 2009;19:214-220 ABSTRACT: Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version of the 20-item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) Aims: The aim of this study was to examine Alexithymia is connected to adolescents' psychopathology, but the current methods of assessment present limitations. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Bagby et al. , simultaneously administering the TAS-8, a second self-report questionnaire such as the BVAQ or PAQ , an observer-report measure such as the Observer Alexithymia Scale , and an interview measure such as the TSIA), as such multi-method studies are This paper presents the authorized German version of the 26-item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-26). , no facet level scores; Bagby, Taylor, Quilty, & Parker, 2008), but it is now standard practice for separate subscale scores to also be derived: DIF (e. , 1985) was used to measure alexithymia in its Spanish version (Martínez-Sánchez, 1996). M. Recently, the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) was developed to provide more detailed facet-level (and valence The most popular instrument to assess alexithymia is the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). The Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) assesses two additional features of alexithymia—the affective factors of Learn about alexithymia assessments and how therapy for individuals with ASD can be helpful in helping navigate it! Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20): A 20-item, self-administered questionnaire that measures difficulty in identifying and describing emotions, a significant aspect of alexithymia. Some items are reversed. A. The test can be completed in about 5-10 minutes, and can be taken by adults (age 16+). Following is a description of each test and links for where you can take them for free. It is a 20-item, self-report questionnaire that is widely used in research and clinical settings. The aim of this article is to assess the measurement invariance of the Bermond—Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) in U. The scale contains 20 items that measure Introduction. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20; Taylor et al. g. Categories: Psychometric tests. , 1994a; 1994b) is a 20- item self-report measure. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry‚1‚ 133- 139. Method: In this article we review the psychometric . Anglo (n = 490) and U. An The present study aimed to help address this gap, by examining the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of two alexithymia measures, the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) and This study had two aims. The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a self-report measure used to assess alexithymia traits in individuals using a 5-point Likert scale. , 1994), Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ; Vorst and Bermond, 2001), or Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ; Questionnaire and 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in United States Adults David A. Scores of 52 to 60 = possible alexithymia. Taylor, the TAS-20 is a 20-item scale that assesses all three components of alexithymia. Do you understand your feelings clearly? ⚡ Test your alexithymia level online ⚡ Try this valid Toronto Alexithymic Scale ⭐ ☝ here! The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was developed in 1985 as the first reliable and valid self-report measure of the alexithymia construct. It contains 20 questions rated on a 5-point Likert scale, organized into 3 subscales measuring difficulty describing feelings, difficulty identifying feelings, and externally-oriented thinking. 1. It highlights that the TAS-20 effectively captures three core dimensions of alexithymia—difficulties identifying feelings, describing feelings The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Bagby et al. Scores that are 51 or below indicate low alexithymia whereas scores that are 61 or higher indicate high alexithymia. Direct scope such as the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ, Vorst & Bermond, 2001) or the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ, Preece, Becerra, Robinson, Dandy, & Allan, 2018). 4 Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ). The TAS-20 captures three interrelated, core alexithymic fea- tures: difficulties identifying feelings (T1), difficulties describing The Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) has been widely used to assess alexithymia. Preece* a , Rodrigo Becerra b , Alfred Allan c , Ken Robinson c , Wai Chen d,e,f,g , Penelope Hasking a , James The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a 20-item, self-administered questionnaire that measures difficulty in identifying and describing emotions, which is a big part of alexithymia. , “I am often confused about what emotion I am feeling”), Summary This paper presents the authorized German version of the 26-item Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-26). Despite its widespread use, an ongoing controversy pertains to its internal structure. , 1994), Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ; Vorst & Bermond, 2001), or Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire ( PAQ; Preece et al. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) has been widely used to assess alexithymia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23–32. Psychometric properties of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 in Singaporean and Australian samples. , a tendency to excessively focus attention on Finding the psychometric properties of the original Toronto Alexithymia Scale to be flawed, developers created the TAS-20 – a revised measure consisting of 20 items divided into three separate factors, or domains of alexithymia. It was modified in 1992 Assessing reliability and validity of Farsi Version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 in asample of opioid substance use disordered patients. The TAS consists of 20 questions, divided into three categories: Difficulty Identifying Feelings (DIF), Difficulty Describing Feelings The two most widely used online alexithymia tests are the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Online Alexithymia Questionnaire. Alexithymia is a multidimensional trait characterised by a set of emotion-processing deficits: difficulty identifying one’s own feelings (DIF), difficulty describing feelings (DDF) and an externally orientated thinking (EOT) style that focuses less on internal emotional states. Originally the questionnaire was done by Jason Thompson who intended to have a Abstract. Higher total scores indicate greater The Alexithymia Scale of Toronto (TAS-20) is a 20-items, self-administered questionnaire that measures difficult to identify and describe emotions, which is a big part of Alexithymia. (1994). It was originally designed to provide only a total scale score as an overall index of alexithymia (i. (2006). During that time the TAS-20 has been translated into thirty different languages (or dialects of the same language) and has become worldwide The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. It is a self-report measure designed to evaluate empathy as a primarily emotional process, distinguishing it from cognitive empathy or the more cognitive aspects of taking another’s perspective. 1 The trait is normally distributed in the general population, with the Development of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Taylor, Ryan, & Bagby, 1986) began with a review of the literature in five content areas: difficulty in describing feelings, difficulty in distinguishing between feelings and bodily sensations, lack of introspection, social conformity, and improvished fantasy life and poor dream recall. However, the need for a more detailed assessment of alexithymia (i. The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ), or Bermond Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ). Receive weekly blog updates: Alexithymia is a personality construct that is characterized by the (subclinical) inability to identify and describe emotions in the self. , & Meerum Terwogt, M. 2. This study had two aims. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) is a 20-item self-report questionnaire that can be used to identify issues relating to alexithymia such as difficulty recognising, describing and regulating internal emotional states (Bagby et al. Toronto alexithymia scale. Firstly, the psychometric properties of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children (AQC) that measure the three dimensions of alexithymia (DIF, difficulty identifying feelings; DDF, difficulty describing feelings; EOT, externally-oriented thinking) were explored in various samples of children, Addressing shortcomings of the self-report Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), two studies were conducted to reconstruct the item domain of the scale. We examined the scale’s psychometric properties in Australian nonclinical (N = 428) and psychiatric (N = The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20, Bagby et al. The test measures explicitly the three distinct factors of alexithymia: difficulty identifying This online alexithymia questionnaire was developed in 2005 and overcomes some general shortcomings of other questionnaires like Bermond-Vorst or TAS-20. 177 Comments Receive weekly blog updates: Subscribe. Journal of 3. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby, R. TAS-20 Questionnaire, Scoring, Download PDF form, Scale, Online Test. The purpose of this study was to calculate alexithymia cutoff scores for a recently developed self-report alexithymia questionnaire: the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire Form B (BVAQ-B). However, in recent years, it has been questioned whether self- report alexithymia questionnaires are truly measuring alexithymia, or Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ Rational Experiental Inventory (REI) Carver and White's BIS/BAS Scales Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire Multi-Dimensional (Romantic) Jealousy Scale Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Fascism Test Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory Maddi`s Hardiness Survey Buss 47 Questions Online Alexithymia Questionnaire (OAQ-G2) Measures 7 factors related to emotions (see below) 37 Questions Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) Identifies difficulties identifying and describing emotions, and distinguishing body sensations from emotions. e. , 1994) is a 20-item self-report measure. Over the past two decades, it has usually been assessed using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Due to the fact, that the revised version of this questionnaire (TAS-20) displays low reliability concerning the scale "external oriented thinking" in the German version, we decided to reinvestigate Forty-six psychiatric outpatients with major depression were assessed for alexithymia and depression with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at the Based on the original Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 (TAS-20, Bagby, Parker & Taylor, 1994) that assesses alexithymia in adults. As one of the first self-report measures for alexithymia, the TAS-20 has clearly contributed to the popu-larization of the construct worldwide. Reliability: Demonstrates The two most widely used online alexithymia tests are the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Online Alexithymia Questionnaire. European Review of Applied Psychology, 50, The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the three components of alexithymia; difficulty identifying feelings in the self (DIF), Bermond et al. S. The document describes the Toronto Alexithymia Scale Questionnaire (TAS-20), a 20-item self-report questionnaire used to measure alexithymia. Items from this review, plus 8 from the Schalling-Sifneos PAQ, Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire; PHQ-4, Patient Health Questionnaire-4; PSS-4, Perceived Stress Scale-4; TAS-20, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. For example, a score of 1 will become a score of 5. An alexithymia questionnaire for children: Factorial and concurrent validation results. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32. . Items are scored on a 1-5 scale, with the total scale score calculated as a sum of the items. However, it has also A previous paper described the development of the twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and reported preliminary evidence of reliability and factorial validity of the scale. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. In addition to the three domains The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the three components of alexithymia; difficulty identifying feelings in the self (DIF), Bermond et al. Personality and The present study aimed to help address this gap, by examining the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of two alexithymia measures, the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), across samples from Singapore (n = 434) or Australia (n = 489). Process measures of potential relevance to ACT. Alexithymia can be assessed using several psychological tests. Key words: Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire, validity and reliability, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. , simultaneously administering the GAFS-8, a second self-report questionnaire such as the BVAQ or PAQ , an observer-report measure such as the Observer Alexithymia Scale or TAS-20 informant report , and an interview measure such as the TSIA), as such The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the three components of alexithymia; difficulty identifying feelings in the self (DIF), difficulty describing feelings (DDF), and externally orientated thinking (EOT). Continuous variables are presented as M (SD), and categorical variables are presented as N (%). The Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) assesses two additional features of alexithymia—the affective factors of emotionalizing and fantasizing, which are not included in the TAS-20. In a broad sense, it denotes emotion-processing problems. The TAS-20 focuses on three key factors Characteristics of Alexithymia were documented with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale 26(TAS -26) [15]. Scroll low discussion to take the test: Who the test has been designed foradultsÃ, (agea 16+) of medium or higher intelligence. , Parker, J. The Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) is a recently introduced measure and is based on a theoretical attention-appraisal model of alexithymia. 20 Questions Learn more about these screeners here. It was modified in 1992 to develop a revised and improved twenty-item version, which is called the There are printable Toronto Alexithymia Scales available online for easy access and use. Alexithymia can be defined as difficulties in describing one’s emotions and is of interest within clinical and developmental psychology as a potential mediating and exacerbating factor across multiple forms of psychopathology. All the studies included have used this scale for alexithymia. The BVAQ The most widely used instrument to measure alexithymia is the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) (Bagby et al. , 1994), a self-report measure originally developed to assess overall alexithymia levels by providing a total scale score (Bagby et al. These results suggest that this 30-item version may be reasonably suitable for Japanese populations. , Oosterveld, P. , 2015), with the most widely used being a self-report questionnaire, the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Bagby et al. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wollongong, Australia. The TAS-20 consists of three-factor scales, namely, DIF, DDF, and EOT. Is a 20 item self-report questionnaire, designed to measure alexithymia within three subscales: an externally orientated thinking style (EOT) comprised by 8 items, difficulty describing feelings (DDF) comprised by 5 items and difficulty identifying one’s own feelings (DIF) comprised by 7 items. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) Current Nº of articles: 3 Online Alexithymia Questionnaire. these earlier results from previous investigations provides additional support for the use of a total TAS-20 score and questions the utility of The study assesses the efficacy and validity of the Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) by examining their structure and correlations. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) were applied to all participants. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Assessing alexithymia across Asian and western cultures: psychometric properties of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 in Singaporean and Australian samples. It is my hypothesis, however, that despite alexithymia causing apparent issues in identifying and describing emotions, it can actually act as a protection mechanism. Almost all of the existing adolescent alexithymia research studies have been conducted with the twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20, [5]), the most widely used measure of alexithymia. & Bilich, L. , 1994). " Information quoted from Ciarrochi, J. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to adapt the English self-report questionnaire Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) to Slovak conditions, as well as to evaluate its reliability and The most popular instrument to assess alexithymia is the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Since then the literature on alexithymia has burgeoned with the vast majority of this research using the TAS-20, including multiple language translations of the scale. Sifneos (1973) coined the term “alexithymia” (from the Greek, a = lack of, lexis = work1 or word, and thymos = mood or emotion) to label a complex of features that refer to severe reductions in both the cognitive and affective Overview of Alexithymia Test. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) | ACBSIt measures the following three factors: The Online Alexithymia Questionnaire (OAQ-G2) is a self-administered questionnaire to measure difficulty in identifying and describing emotions and feelings, and Authored by Michael Bagby, James D. , 1994), even though there are other instruments that The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is one of the most widely used tools for assessing alexithymia. The first study resulted in the development of a The construct of alexithymia is more strongly tied to a specific measurement instrument than almost any other—the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20, Bagby et al. The final scale covers three subscales: Difficulty identifying feelings, Difficulty describing feelings, and Externally-oriented thinking. The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (French Version [2 ]1). Journal of Personality Assessment, 105(3), 396–412. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20-C) in a sample of Chinese adolescents. D. , 1994a) had two precursors; the, above mentioned TAS-26, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale Revised (TAS-R; Taylor, Bagby, & Parker 1992). Due to the fact, that the revised version of this questionnaire (TAS-20) displays low reliability concerning the scale "external oriented thinking" in the German version, we decided to reinvestigate all TAS-26-items. a Participants in Alexithymia refers to the difficulties an individual has in experiencing and expressing feelings. Firstly, the psychometric properties of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children (AQC) that measure the three dimensions of alexithymia (DIF, difficulty identifying feelings; DDF, difficulty describing feelings; EOT, externally-oriented thinking) were explored in various samples of For assessing alexithymia, several popular self-report questionnaires have been developed, including the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) [7], the 40-item Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Alexithymia Questionnaire; Toronto Alexithymia Scale; psychometrics Introduction Alexithymia is a multidimensional trait characterised by difficulty identifying one’s own feelings (DIF), difficulty describing feelings (DDF), and externally orientated thinking (EOT; i. The construct of alexithymia is more strongly tied to a specific measurement instrument than almost any other—the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20, Bagby et al. Parker, Graeme J. , One of the most widely used is the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the three main facets of alexithymia: Difficulty Identifying Feelings (DIF): Challenges in recognizing one’s own The TAS-20 uses cutoff scoring: equal to or less than 51 = non-alexithymia, equal to or greater than 61 = alexithymia. Natalie Engelbrecht ND RP. 2. One of the main limitations of the exploration of alexithymia in adolescence or infancy is the use of adult measures for assessing the construct. Publications about the AQC. , 1994), even though there are other instruments that have a similar scope such as the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ, Vorst & Bermond, 2001) or the Perth Alexithymia The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is the most widely used instrument for assessing alexithymia, with more than 25 years of research supporting its reliability and validity. Objective: Twenty-five years ago, this journal published two articles reporting the development and initial validation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Hispanic ( n = 379) Confirmatory factor analysis of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire . During that time the TAS-20 has been translated into thirty different languages (or dialects of the same language) and has become worldwide the most The present study aimed to help address this gap, by examining the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of two alexithymia measures, the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), across samples from Singapore (n = 434) or Australia (n = 489). This subjective self-evaluation questionnaire allows for making a dependable determination about Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Bagby et al. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was developed in 1985 as the first reliable and valid self-report measure of the alexithymia construct. Written by: Dr. Developed by Bagby, Parker, and Taylor, this self-report questionnaire consists of 20 items designed to measure Background Alexithymia, a personality trait characterized by difficulties interpreting emotional states, is commonly elevated in autistic adults, and a growing body of literature suggests that this trait underlies several The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is the most widely used instrument for assessing alexithymia, with more than 25 years of research supporting its reliability and validity. The TAS-20 Twenty-five years have elapsed since the Journal of Psychosomatic Research published two articles reporting the development and initial validation of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) [1,2]. The same theoretically congruent factor structure The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) was developed to meet this need. , 2018 a ). The TAS-20 is one of the most commonly used measures of alexithymia. Each item is rated on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from Additional work in this area should attempt to measure alexithymia in a multimodal manner (e. All data in both samples were gathered by self-report. Abstract. , 1994), even though there are other instruments that The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was developed in 1994 by Bagby, Parker, and Taylor to measure alexithymia. April 14, 2020. The TAS-20 (Bagby et al. An example of the scale’s questions can be found in the original article published by developers . The present study aimed to help address this gap, by examining the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of two alexithymia measures, the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) and Much of this research has been enabled by the development of psychometric tools to operationalise alexithymia, most commonly with self-report questionnaires like the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Bagby et al. Method Adolescents ( n = 1260) recruited from three schools in mainland China completed the TAS-20-C, the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is the most widely used measure to assess the personality construct of alexithymia and is composed of three-factor analytically derived subscales. Sixty-three persons The validity and reliability of the BVAQ-30J was suggested by a significant correlation with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 and estimates of test-retest and internal consistency. ) is the most commonly used measure of Alexithymia (= difficulties identifying and describing one’s own feelings). (47 eating-disordered patients and 253 healthy individuals) completed the BVAQ-B and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is the most widely used instrument for assessing alexithymia, with more than 25 years of research supporting its reliability and validity. , & Taylor, G. In a representative sample of the German population Additional work in this area should attempt to measure alexithymia in a multimodal manner (e. SPARK Simons Powering Autism Research Knowledge, HPP Human Penguin Project, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, TAS Toronto Alexithymia Scale, GAFS-8 8-item General Alexithymia Factor Score. One of the most widely used is the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the three main Abstract Objective Psychometric properties of 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale It is a 20-item self-report questionnaire rated on a five-point response format ranging from 1 to 5. The Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA) was developed to overcome the limits of the main used self-rating scale in adults, but no studies investigated its feasibility with adolescents. The AQC is described in: Rieffe, C. bsofvjoyjdqrzdvqshckxxkpvvjjzkxbtoxuxvbofixyqmhwhcwek